Resiliência: avaliação de pacientes queimados em um hospital de urgência e emergência / Resilience: evaluation of burned patients in an urgency and emergency hospital / Resiliencia: evaluación de pacientes quemados en un hospital de urgencias y emergencias

A recuperação de vítimas de queimaduras é longa e dolorosa e afeta diversas esferas da vida do paciente. A resiliência, que se refere à capacidade humana de enfrentar e se adaptar a eventos adversos, exerce grande importância no processo de recuperação da queimadura. Logo, este trabalho objetiva avaliar a capacidade de resiliência de pacientes queimados, no momento da admissão e da alta hospitalar, em um hospital de emergência e urgência de Goiânia. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo e transversal que utiliza a Escala de Resiliência de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC) como instrumento de mensuração. Na admissão hospitalar, a média da resiliência foi de 71,35, tendo sido observada uma relação significativa entre o fator Amparo da escala CD-RISC e a presença do(a) companheiro(a). O escore de resiliência encontrado nesta pesquisa é consistente com outros achados da literatura científica internacional e nacional referente à expressão da resiliência em vítimas de queimaduras e outros adoecimentos. A relação entre o fator Amparo e a presença de um(a) companheiro(a) enfatiza a importância da rede de apoio familiar na reabilitação do paciente queimado.(AU)

The recovery of burned patients is long and painful and impacts on different areas of people's lives. Resilience, which refers to the human capacity to face and adapt to adverse events, plays a major role in the process of recovery from burns. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the resilience of burned patients, on admission and hospital discharge, in an emergency and urgency hospital in Goiânia. This is a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study that uses the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD RISC) as a measuring instrument. At hospital admission, the mean resilience was 71.35, with a significant association between the Support factor on the CD RISC scale and the presence of a partner. The resilience score found in the present study is consistent with other findings in the international and national scientific literature regarding the expression of resilience in victims of burns and other illnesses. The relationship between the Support factor and the presence of a partner emphasizes the importance of the family support network in the rehabilitation of the burned patient.(AU)

La recuperación de los pacientes quemados es larga y dolorosa e impacta en diferentes esferas de la vida de las personas. La resiliencia, que se refiere a la capacidad humana para enfrentar y adaptarse a eventos adversos, juega un papel importante en el proceso de recuperación de las quemaduras. Por tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la resiliencia de los pacientes quemados, en el momento del ingreso y el alta, en un hospital de emergencia y urgencia en Goiânia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y transversal que utiliza la Escala de Resiliencia Connor-Davidson (CD RISC) como instrumento de medida. Al ingreso hospitalario, la resiliencia media fue de 71,35, con associación significativa entre el factor Amparo de la escala CD RISC y la presencia de pareja. El puntaje de resiliencia encontrado en el presente estudio es consistente con otros hallazgos en la literatura científica nacional e internacional sobre la expresión de resiliencia en víctimas de quemaduras y otras enfermedades. La relación entre el factor Amparo y la presencia de pareja enfatiza la importancia de la red de apoyo familiar en la rehabilitación del paciente quemado.(AU)

Effects of clinical application of free anterolateral thigh perforator lobulated flap in repair of electrical burn wounds on head based on the concept of donor site protection / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To explore the effects of clinical application of free anterolateral thigh perforator lobulated flap in repair of electrical burn wounds on head based on the concept of donor site protection. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. Eight patients with electrical burns with huge scalp defects and exposed skulls were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, from May 2017 to December 2019, who were all males, aged 21-57 (39±13) years, sustaining multiple deep partial thickness to full-thickness electrical burns to 5%-14% total body surface area. Among the scalp burn sites of the patients, 1 case was posterior occipital, 2 cases were parietal occipital, 4 cases were parietal temporal, and 1 case was frontotemporal. After debridement, the defect area was 10 cm×9 cm-16 cm×14 cm. The incision area of the free anterolateral thigh perforator lobulated flap was 22 cm×6 cm-30 cm×9 cm. The artery and vein of flap were anastomosed with superficial temporal artery and vein or facial artery and vein, and the other vein of skin flap was anastomosed with superficial vein of recipient area. The donor site of skin flap was closed by layer interrupted tension-reducing suture. After the operation, the survival of flop, donor site wound healing and complications were observed. The flap appearance, wound healing of donor sites, long-term complications and functional recovery of donor sites were observed on follow-up. Results: After the operation, the flaps of 8 patients survived completely without vascular crisis. The donor sites of flaps in all the patients healed well with no osteofascial compartment syndrome. Seven patients were followed up for 3 to 12 months, and 1 case was lost to follow up. During follow-up, the flaps of the patients' heads were in good appearance but with alopecia. The donor sites showed linear scars, which were well hidden. There were no significant differences in sensory and motor functions between the two sides, and no complications were found such as muscle hernia. Conclusions: Free anterolateral thigh perforator lobulated flap has a good clinical effect in the early repair of electrical burn wounds with huge scalp defect and skull exposure on head, and the donor wounds can be directly closed and sutured, greatly reducing the damage to the donor area.

Clinical effects of free hallux-nail flap combined with the second toe composite tissue flap in the reconstruction of damaged thumb after electrical burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To explore the clinical effects of free hallux-nail flap combined with the second toe composite tissue flap in the reconstruction of damaged thumb after electrical burns. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. From May 2018 to April 2021, 12 male patients with thumb destructive defects caused by electrical burns who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Zhengzhou First People's Hospital, aged 27 to 58 years, including 10 cases with degree Ⅲ thumb defect and 2 cases with degree Ⅳ thumb defect after thorough debridement. The thumb was reconstructed with free hallux-nail flap combined with composite tissue flap of the second phalangeal bone, joint, and tendon with skin island. The donor site of hallux-nail flap was covered with artificial dermis in the first stage and performed with continuous vacuum sealing drainage, and covered with medium-thickness skin graft from the groin site in the second stage. The donor site in the second toe was filled and fixed with iliac bone strips. The survival of reconstructed thumb was observed 1 week after the reconstruction surgery, the survival of skin graft in the donor site of hallux-nail flap was observed 2 weeks after skin grafting, and the callus formation of the reconstructed thumb phalanx and the second toe of the donor foot was observed by X-ray 6 weeks after the reconstruction surgery. During the follow-up, the shape of reconstructed thumb was observed and the sensory function was evaluated; the function of reconstructed thumb was evaluated with trial standard for the evaluation of the functions of the upper limbs of the Hand Surgery Society of the Chinese Medical Association; whether the interphalangeal joints of the hallux and the second toe were stiff, the scar hyperplasia of the foot donor site, and whether the walking and standing functions of the donor feet were limited were observed. Results: One week after the reconstruction surgery, all the reconstructed thumbs of the patients survived. Two weeks after skin grafting, the skin grafts in the donor site of hallux-nail flap of 11 patients survived, while the skin graft in the donor site of hallux-nail flap of 1 patient was partially necrotic, which was healed completely after 10 days' dressing change. Six weeks after the reconstruction surgery, callus formation was observed in the reconstructed thumb and the second toe of the donor foot of 10 patients, the Kirschner wires were removed; while callus formation of the reconstructed thumb was poor in 2 patients, and the Kirschner wires were removed after 2 weeks of delay. During the follow-up of 6 to 24 months, the shape of reconstructed thumb was similar to that of the healthy thumb, the discrimination distance between the two points of the reconstructed thumb was 7 to 11 mm, and the functional evaluation results were excellent in 4 cases, good in 6 cases, and fair in 2 cases. The interphalangeal joints of the hallux and the second toe of the donor foot were stiff, mild scar hyperplasia was left in the donor site of foot, and the standing and walking functions of the donor foot were not significantly limited. Conclusions: The application of free hallux-nail flap combined with the second toe composite tissue flap in the reconstruction of damaged thumb after electrical burns adopts the concept of reconstruction instead of repair to close the wound. It can restore the shape and function of the damaged thumb without causing great damage to the donor foot.

Therapeutic approach to electric burn with platelet rich plasma, grafts and hyperbaric oxygenation / Enfoque terapéutico de quemadura eléctrica con plasma rico en plaquetas, injertos y oxigenación hiperbárica

Abstract Contact electrical burns are more severe than other forms of contact burn injury. Moreover, treatment of hand burns is an important therapeutic challenge. We present a 17 year-old female of low voltage electric hand injury, admitted 5 days after injury. The patient was treated with autologous platelet rich plasma, porcine dermis heterograft and partial autologous skin graft, all of them with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) at 1.45 ATA ≈100% O2 like adjuvant therapy. Good evolution and acceptable aesthetic results were reported. Although more studies are required, we suggest that multi-therapeutic approach could be effective in treatment for electric burns in hands.

Resumen Las quemaduras eléctricas por contacto son más graves que otras formas de quemaduras. Además, el tratamiento de las mismas en las manos es un importante desafío terapéutico. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 17 años de edad con lesión en la mano por quemadura por electricidad de baja tensión. Fue ingresada 5 días después de la lesión y tratada con plasma rico en plaquetas autólogo, heteroinjerto de dermis porcina e injerto de piel autólogo parcial, todo con oxigenoterapia hiperbárica (TOHB) a 1.45 ATA ≈100% O2 como terapia adyuvante. Tuvo buena evolución y resultados estéticos aceptables. Aunque se requieren más estudios, sugerimos que el enfoque multi-terapéutico podría ser eficaz en el tratamiento de las quemaduras eléctricas en las manos.

Imunomodulação em paciente queimado fasciotomizado: Relato de caso / Immunomodulation in a burned fasciotomized patient: A case report

OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolução clínica e nutricional de paciente queimado fasciotomizado com uso de terapia nutricional imunomoduladora. RELATO DO CASO: Estudo do tipo relato de caso, realizado durante 52 dias na Unidade de Tratamento de Queimados do Hospital da Restauração Governador Paulo Guerra, em Recife-PE. Paciente do sexo masculino, adulto, 27 anos, proveniente do interior de Pernambuco, sem comorbidades, queimado por eletricidade de alta voltagem após acidente de trabalho, evoluindo com síndrome compartimental do membro superior esquerdo e submetido a fasciotomia. Prescrita dieta por via oral associada à suplementação imunomoduladora de característica hipercalórica, hiperproteica, contendo arginina e alto teor de oligoelementos e micronutrientes. Durante o internamento, o paciente apresentou manutenção do estado nutricional, com adesão de novos hábitos alimentares que contribuíram para a cicatrização do membro afetado. CONCLUSÃO: A terapia nutricional imunomoduladora individualizada beneficiou a reparação tecidual, cicatrização e redução do risco de amputação em paciente queimado fasciotomizado.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and nutritional evolution of a burn patient submitted to fasciotomy and immunomodulating nutritional therapy. CASE REPORT: A case-report study was conducted over a 52-day period at the Burn Treatment Unit of Governador Paulo Guerra Restauração Hospital in the city of Recife, Brazil. A 27-year-old male patient, brown skin color, from the instate region of the state of Pernambuco, without comorbidities, suffered a high-voltage electrical burn after a work accident, developing compartment syndrome of the left upper limb, and was submitted to fasciotomy. An orally diet was prescribed associated with immunomodulatory supplementation with a hypercaloric, hyper protein character, with arginine and high content of trace elements and micronutrients. During hospitalization, the patient's nutritional status was maintained with the adherence to new dietary habits, which contributed to the healing of the affected limb. CONCLUSIONS: Individualized immunomodulating nutritional therapy benefits the tissue repair and healing processes, reducing the risk of amputation in burn patients submitted to fasciotomy.

Colgajos de pedículo perforante en hélice para reconstrucción dearticulaciones mayores en secuelas de quemaduras / Perforator pedicled propeller flaps for big joins reconstruction in burns sequelaeperspective

Introducción: Las secuelas de quemadura juegan un papel fundamental en la recuperación del paciente quemado, ya que tiene una repercusión funcional y estética; para decidir el tratamiento de las contracturas cicatriciales, se necesita una evaluación cuidadosa y una clasificación de las contracturas por sitio, se debe explorar las articulaciones afectadas y notar los rangos de movilidad y las deformidades resaltando cualquier contractura cicatrizal y una vez que se establezca adecua-damente el tipo de secuela se tomara decisiones para orientar a un óptimo tratamiento. Los avances en el conocimiento de la anatomía vascular, en conjunto con el método de disección de colgajos "estilo libre", han permitido el desarrollo de los colgajos en hélice (propeller flap). Presentación de casos: Durante el período de un año (2018-2019) se presentaron seis casos de secuelas de quemaduras que comprometieron articulaciones mayores y que fueron tratadas con colgajo de pedículo perforante en hélice. La edad de los pacientes se ubicó entre 5 a 60 años con una mediana de 29 años con secuelas de quemaduras. Un caso con infección de sitio quirúrgico y seis sin complicaciones. El tiempo quirúrgico entre 120 a 170 min, la estancia hospitalaria tuvo una me-diana de 19 días (rango 6 a 55días). El diámetro del colgajo fue entre 24cm2 y 84cm2, con diferentes diseños lobulado (un caso), bilobulado (tres casos), tetralobulado (dos casos); permitiendo que el defecto secundario se cierre de forma directa en cinco de ellos y en un caso se colocara injerto de piel. Discusión: La literatura científica provee evidencia de las ventajas al utilizar colgajos en hélice por la capacidad de recons-trucción del tejido en un procedimiento de una sola etapa, logrando obtener resultados similares que ofrecen los colgajos libres microvascularizados.Conclusiones: El colgajo en hélice mejora las retracciones en las articulaciones mayores devolviendo el rango de movili-dad, preserva el músculo subyacente, proporciona una menor morbilidad del sitio donante.

Introduction: The sequelae of burns play a fundamental role in the recovery of the burned patient, since they have a func-tional and aesthetic impact; To decide on the treatment of scar contractures, a careful evaluation and classification of the contractures by site is needed, the affected joints should be explored and ranges of motion and deformities noted highli-ghting any scar contractures and once the type of sequel, decisions will be made to guide a better treatment. Advances in the knowledge of vascular anatomy, together with the "freestyle" flap dissection method, have allowed the development of propeller flaps. Case presentation: During a one-year period (2018-2019), there were six cases of burn sequelae that compromised major joints and that were treated with a pedicled propeller flaps. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 60 years with a median of 29 years with burn sequelae. One case with surgical site infection and six without complications. The surgery time between 120 and 170 min, the hospital stay had a median of 19 days (range 6 to 55 days). The diameter of the flap was between 24cm2and 84cm2, with different designs: lobed (one case), bilobed (three cases), tetralobed (two cases); considering that the secon-dary defect is closed directly in five of them and in one case a skin graft is placed. Discussion: The scientific literature provides evidence of the advantages of using pedicled propeller flaps due to the ability to reconstruct the tissue in a single-stage procedure, achieving similar results as those offered by microvascularized free flaps.Conclusions: The pedicled propeller flaps improves retractions in major joints, restoring the range of motion, preserving the underlying muscle, and providing less donor site morbidity.

Creatina fosfocinasa MB como marcador diagnóstico de disfunción miocárdica en pacientes pediátricos con quemadura eléctrica / Creatine phosphokinase MB levels as a diagnostic marker of myocardial dysfunction in pediatric patients with electrical burns

Resumen Introducción: La disminución de la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) como consecuencia de una disfunción ventricular se reporta dentro de las alteraciones cardiacas secundarias a una lesión eléctrica. Como complemento de la exploración física, la ecografía cardiaca enfocada (FoCUS) permite una evaluación rápida, no invasiva, que da información para contribuir a tomar mejores decisiones terapéuticas, sobre todo en pacientes en estado crítico. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la utilidad de la creatina fosfocinasa MB (CPK-MB) como marcador diagnóstico de disfunción miocárdica en pacientes de 6 a 18 años con quemadura eléctrica. Métodos: Durante el periodo de noviembre de 2018 a agosto de 2019 se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico de 10 pacientes, de 6 a 18 años de edad, con quemadura eléctrica, en quienes se obtuvo el porcentaje de FEVI a través del protocolo FoCUS. Posteriormente, el porcentaje de FEVI se correlacionó con los valores de CPK-MB y el porcentaje de superficie corporal quemada (SCQ) en las primeras 24 horas después de la lesión. Resultados: Se encontraron 10 casos de quemadura eléctrica, ocho de sexo masculino y dos de sexo femenino, con una media de edad de 13 años. El 80% de estos casos presentó disminución leve de la FEVI (45-59%). Al realizar el protocolo FoCUS se reportó hipocinesia miocárdica en siete pacientes. Se encontró una correlación moderada entre la FEVI y los valores de CPK-MB (r = −0.671), aunque no se observó correlación entre la FEVI y la SCQ. Conclusiones: La ecografía cardiaca influye en la toma de decisiones y mejora el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Abstract Background: The decrease of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as consequence of a ventricular dysfunction is reported in cardiac alterations secondary to electrical injury. The focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) helps to complete the clinical examination because it allows a faster non-invasive evaluation, and provides information that contributes to make better therapeutic decisions, especially those for patients in critical condition. The objective of this study was to explore the utility of creatine phosphokinase MB (CPK-MB) as a diagnostic tool of myocardial dysfunction in patients from 6 to 18 years old with electrical burn. Methods: From November 2018 to August 2019, we conducted a transversal analytic study of 10 children with electric burn (6 to 18 years of age), in whom the percentage of LVEF was obtained through the FoCUS protocol in the first 24 hours after injury. Results: We found 10 cases of electrical burn injury, eight males and two females, with an average of 13 years of age. Eighty percent of these cases showed a slight decrease in LVEF (45-59%). When performing the FoCUS protocol, myocardial hypokinesia was reported in seven patients. We observed a moderate correlation between LVEF and CPK-MB levels (r = −0.671), and no correlation between LVEF and body surface area affected by the electrical burn. Conclusions: The cardiac ultrasound influences decision making to improve the prognosis of these patients.

Queimaduras ocupacionais no Distrito Federal, Brasil: Estudo retrospectivo de 17 anos / Work-related burns in the Federal District, Brazil: A 17-year retrospective study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a epidemiologia das queimaduras ocupacionais e as características sociodemográficas das vítimas de queimaduras internadas em um hospital público no período de 17 anos. MÉTODO: Estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo de abordagem quantitativa realizado na unidade de queimados de um hospital público no Brasil de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2018. Entre 4201 queimados internados nesse período, 497 foram vítimas de queimaduras no ambiente de trabalho e tiveram seus prontuários médicos e de alta hospitalar avaliados retrospectivamente. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (88,5%) e a média de idade foi de 35 anos (intervalo, 18-74). As causas mais frequentes de queimaduras foram eletricidade (41,1%), líquidos inflamáveis (27,5%) e chamas (11,7%). As ocupações mais comuns foram: eletricista (25,3%), cozinheiro (10,9%) e mecânico (8,2%). A superfície corporal queimada média foi de 15,4% e a taxa de mortalidade foi de 2,6%. Variações anuais foram observadas na frequência mensal de acidentes de trabalho, com aumento do número de queimaduras em maio e novembro, que são meses que precedem festividades culturais no Brasil. CONCLUSÃO: Poucas mudanças na epidemiologia e gravidade das queimaduras ocupacionais foram observadas no período de 17 anos de estudo, sugerindo que os programas de prevenção não foram eficazes na redução de queimaduras no ambiente de trabalho. Assim, novas iniciativas dos setores público e privado são necessárias, visando a prevenção de queimaduras de trabalho.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiology of work-related burns and sociodemographic characteristics of burn victims admitted to a public hospital over a period of 17 years. METHODS: This longitudinal, retrospective, quantitative study was conducted in the burn unit of a public hospital in Brazil from January 2002 to December 2018. Of the 4201 burn patients admitted to the hospital during the study period, 497 of them were victims of work-related burns, and therefore their hospital discharge summary and medical records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Most patients were men (88.5%) and the mean age was 35 years (range, 18-74). Electricity was the most frequent cause of burns (41.1%), followed by flammable liquids (27.5%) and flames (11.7%). The most common occupations were electricians (25.3%), cooks (10.9%), and mechanics (8.2%). The mean total body surface area involved was 15.4% and the mortality rate was 2.6%. Annual periodic variations were observed in the monthly frequency of work-related burns, with an increased number of burn accidents occurring in May and November, which are months that precede cultural festivities in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Few changes in the epidemiology and severity of work-related burns were observed during the 17-year study period, suggesting that prevention programs have not been effective in reducing burn accidents in the workplace. Thus, new initiatives from the public and private sectors aiming at preventing work-related burn injuries are necessary.

Terapia por pressão negativa em lesões por queimadura elétrica no paciente pediátrico / Negative pressure therapy in injuries for electrical burns in pediatric patients

OBJETIVOS: Relatar o uso da Terapia por Pressão Negativa (TPN) em um paciente pediátrico vítima de queimadura elétrica e fornecer subsídios fundamentais para o melhor tratamento, possibilitando, assim, que outros pacientes se beneficiem com esta terapêutica. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um relato de caso único que avaliou o uso da TPN em um paciente pediátrico. Os dados foram coletados por meio das anotações do prontuário eletrônico do paciente. RESULTADOS: Pode-se considerar que a conduta inicial de uma equipe multidisciplinar foi fundamental para o prognóstico do paciente. Além disso, o membro superior direito acometido pela queimadura elétrica apresentou resultados satisfatórios e significativos quando instituída a TPN. CONCLUSÃO: O relato de caso revelou que a TPN foi imprescindível para a recuperação da lesão do paciente pediátrico, sendo uma alternativa confortável para crianças vítimas de queimaduras, além de permitir a aderência das enxertias de pele e a cicatrização mais rápida das lesões.

OBJECTIVES: To report the use of Negative Pressure Therapy (NPT) in a pediatric patient suffering from electric burn and provide fundamental subsidies for the best treatment, thus allowing other patients to benefit from this therapy. METHODS: This is a single case report that evaluated the use of NPT in a pediatric patient. The data were collected through the patients electronic medical records. RESULTS: The initial management of a multidisciplinary team could be considered as fundamental for the patients prognosis. In addition, the right upper limb affected by electric burn presented satisfactory and significant results when NPT was instituted. CONCLUSION: The case report revealed that NPT was essential for recovery of the pediatric patients lesion, being a comfortable alternative for children who are victims of burns, besides allowing the adhesion of the skin grafts and the faster healing of the lesions.

Free Flow-through Anterolateral Thigh Flaps for Wrist High-tension Electrical Burns: A Retrospective Case Series / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#The objective of this report was to demonstrate the clinical application of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps for the treatment of high-tension electrical wrist burns.@*Methods@#We collected the data of 8 patients with high-tension electrical wrist burns admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2014 to December 2018. The clinical and pathological data were extracted from electronic hospital medical records. We obtained follow-up information through clinic visits.@*Results@#The injury sites for all 8 patients were the wrists, specifically 5 right and 3 left wrists, all of which were on the flexor side. Five patients had ulnar artery embolism necrosis and patency, with injury to the radial artery. Two patients had ulnar and radial arterial embolization and necrosis. The last patient had ulnar arterial embolization and necrosis with a normal radial artery. After debridement, the wound area ranged from 12 cm × 9 cm to 25 cm × 16 cm. The diagnoses for the eight patients were type II to type III high-tension electrical wrist burns. Free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps (combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary) were used to repair the wounds. The prognosis for all patients was good after six months to one year of follow-up.@*Conclusion@#Treating wrist types II and III high-tension electrical burns is still challenging in clinical practice. The use of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps (combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary) to repair the wound and to restore the blood supply for the hand at the same time is a good choice for treating severe wrist electrical burns.

Retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço para o tratamento cirúrgico do trauma elétrico da mão: relato de caso / Reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm for the surgical treatment of electric hand trauma: Case report

Introdução: Lesões que acometem as mãos com importante perda cutânea frequentemente requerem retalhos para cobertura precoce, visto que permitem melhor reabilitação. Dentre as opções, o retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço é o mais utilizado para defeitos no dorso da mão e punho, com baixas taxas de complicações. Normalmente, esse retalho não é utilizado para a reconstrução de defeitos em região palmar, já que geralmente não alcança esse local. Relato de caso: Apresentamos o caso de um paciente com queimadura elétrica de terceiro grau, em palma da mão direita, cuja reconstrução foi realizada com o uso do retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço, após debridamentos conservadores, no 14o dia após a queimadura. O paciente apresentou boa evolução pós-operatória, sem complicações ou sequelas funcionais a longo prazo. Conclusão: O retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço permite cobertura adequada de lesões em palma da mão, preservando sua funcionalidade.

Introduction: Lesions affecting the hands with significant skin loss often require flaps for early coverage, as these permit faster healing. Among the various options, the reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm is most commonly used for defects involving the back of the hand and wrist due to low complication rates. Normally, this flap is not used for the reconstruction of defects in the palmar region since its distal reach is insufficient. Case report: We present the case of a male patient with third-degree electrical burns on his right palm, whose reconstruction was performed on the 14th day postinjury using the reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm after conservative debridement. The patient presented good postoperative evolution, without long-term complications or functional sequelae. Conclusion: The reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm permits adequate coverage of palm injuries, preserving its functionality.

Lesões por queimaduras com evolução para neoplasia: úlceras de Marjolin / Burn lesions with progression to neoplasia: Marjolin's ulcer

Introdução: A Úlcera de Marjolin é definida como a malignização de cicatrizes, geralmente, crônicas, decorrentes de diversos tipos de lesão, sendo mais comum lesões por queimaduras. Métodos: Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico nas plataformas BVS, PubMed, SciELO e Cochrane, tendo como critério de inclusão estudos publicados nos últimos 5 anos, que envolvem a espécie humana, disponíveis na web nos idiomas inglês ou português. Resultados: Analisados um total de 31, dos quais apenas 6 compuseram a amostra final. Discussão: As úlceras de Marjolin são encontradas em cicatrizes antigas de queimaduras, podem ocorrer em qualquer local, sendo mais comuns em membros superiores e inferiores. O diagnóstico inicia-se com a suspeita clínica baseada em características das lesões: lesões ulcerativas crônicas que não cicatrizam, com bordas elevadas e endurecidas e odor desagradável, podendo apresentar descarga purulenta. Esse só pode ser efetivado, entretanto, por meio do histopatológico da lesão. O período de latência entre a injúria da lesão e a sua malignização é, em média, de 30 a 35 anos. O tratamento deve ser individualizado, uma vez que depende de diversos fatores. Contudo, considera-se o padrão ouro a excisão cirúrgica. Conclusão: O conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde acerca dessa condição faz-se imprescindível para o melhor prognóstico do paciente. De modo que possíveis casos de malignização não tenham o seu diagnóstico subestimado, permita a terapêutica adequada à minimização das recidivas, e medidas profiláticas sejam efetivadas, no que tange à prevenção da queimadura e à minoração de fatores de risco para a malignização.

Introduction: Marjolin's ulcer is defined as a malignancy within scars that is usually chronic and results from several lesion types, with burn injuries being the most common. Methods: A bibliographic survey was conducted of the Virtual Health Library, PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, and Cochrane databases using the inclusion criteria of studies published in the last 5 years, human studies, and published in English or Portuguese. Results: A total of 31 studies were analyzed, of which only 6 were included in the final sample. Discussion: Marjolin's ulcer is found in old burn scars and can occur anywhere, but it is more common in the upper and lower limbs. The diagnosis begins with the clinical suspicion based on lesion characteristics: chronic unhealed ulcerative lesions with high and hardened edges, an unpleasant odor, and purulent discharge. However, the diagnosis can only be made histopathologically. The latency period between injury and malignancy is 30­35 years. Although treatment should be individualized since it depends on several factors, surgical excision is considered the gold standard. Conclusion: Knowledge about this condition is essential to better patient prognosis and prevent underestimation of possible cases of malignancy, allowing for appropriate therapy to minimize recurrence and enabling prophylactic measures to prevent burn injury and reduce risk factors for malignancy.

Reconstrucción de miembros inferiores por quemadura eléctrica evolucionada con colgajo sural bilateral / Lower limb reconstruction after electrical burn evolved with bilateral sural flap

Describimos un enfoque simple y rápido para elevar colgajos fasciocutáneos surales y mostramos sus aplicaciones clínicas. El colgajo se elevó con fascia y manguito de tejido celular subcutáneo sobre piel. El pedículo distal se diseccionó hasta 5 cm sobre maléolo lateral, El sitio donante se injertó. Los defectos fueron resultado de lesiones por quemaduras eléctricas del tercio distal de la pierna más exposición osteotendinosa.

We describe an easy and fast process to raise sural fasciocutaneous flaps and show its applications.The flap was raised with fascia and a sleeve of subcutaneous cellular tissue. The distal pedicle was dissected up to 5 cm over the lateral malleolus. Then the donor site was grafted. The defects were results of electrical burns of the distal third of the leg plus osteotendinous exposure.

Fisiopatología de las quemaduras eléctricas: artículo de revisión / Physiopathology of electrical burns

Electric burns are consider one of the most drastic traumas that an individual can be expose to, it compromise almost all systems of the human body. It is important to acknowledge all the general characteristics of electricity, the mechanism and the types of injuries, these are not well known by health providers. Our article is based on a bibliographic research to obtain an extend review that allows the reader comprehend the physiopathology of electric burns and apply it to the daily working basis.

Las quemaduras eléctricas son consideradas uno de los traumas más drásticos al cual puede exponerse un individuo; comprometiendo directa o indirectamente a casi todos los sistemas del cuerpo humano. Es importante conocer los aspectos generales de la electricidad, los mecanismos y tipos de lesiones generadas por las mismas, que son poco comprendidos por la mayoría del personal de salud. Nuestro artículo se basa en una revisión bibliográfica para ofrecer una explicación completa, que permita al lector entender mejor la fisiopatología de este tipo de trauma y, por lo tanto, se manifieste en el actuar diario del personal de salud.

Reconstrucción de miembro superior posterior a lesión catastrófica por quemadura / Upper extremity reconstruction after a catastrophic injury from burning

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las lesiones catastróficas del miembro superior han sido lesiones devastadoras que afectaron a muchas estructuras esenciales como la mano, antebrazo, brazo y órganos adyacentes, que casi siempre conducen a una incapacidad significativa, de forma directa o mediante el impacto psicosocial que se relacione con la ausencia o atrofia de miembros. OBJETIVO. Demostrar la versatilidad y efectividad del uso del colgajo paraescapular para cubrir defectos severos postraumáticos en un miembro superior catastrófico. Así como, dar a conocer resultados de una amputación digital que preserve la mayor funcionalidad de la mano. CASO CLINICO. Paciente masculino de 37 años, que sufrió quemadura eléctrica de alto voltaje de tercer grado del 30,0% de superficie corporal total. Se realizó tratamiento con colgajo paraescapular para defecto axilar y amputación digital funcional en manos. RESULTADOS. Al quinto mes postquirúrgico se evidenció todos los movimientos conservados en la extremidad superior sin retracción a nivel axilar. Tras la rehabilitación se consiguió conservar en las manos gran porcentaje de fuerza prensil y motricidad fina. DISCUSIÓN. El colgajo paraescapular permitió una reconstrucción temprana y definitiva del defecto extenso, mejorando la funcionalidad de la extremidad superior derecha. La amputación digital preservó una máxima longitud funcional, permitiendo una curación rápida de las heridas, disminuyendo costos y estancia hospitalaria. CONCLUSIÓN. El colgajo paraescapular brindó cobertura a defectos de hombro y axila que permitió recuperar todos los ángulos de movilidad de la extremidad afectada, sin retracción de la piel. La amputación funcional de rayos en la mano admitió conservar fuerza prensil y motora, mejorando la calidad de vida.

INTRODUCTION. Catastrophic injuries of the upper limb have been devastating injuries that affected many essential structures such as the hand, forearm, arm and adjacent organs, which almost always lead to a significant disability, directly or through the psychosocial impact that is related to the absence or atrophy of members. OBJECTIVE. Prove the versatility and effectiveness of the use of the paraescapular flap to cover severe post-traumatic defects in a catastrophic upper limb. As well as, present results of a digital amputation that preserves the greatest functionality of the hand. CLINICAL CASE. A 37 year old male patient, who suffered a third degree high voltage electrical burn of 30,0% of total body surface area. Treatment was performed with paracapular flap for axillary defect and functional digital amputation in hands. RESULTS. By the fifth postoperative month, all movements preserved in the upper extremity without retraction at the axillary level were evident. After the rehabilitation it was possible to keep in the hands a great percentage of prehensile strength and fine motor skills. DISCUSSION. The paraescapular flap allowed an early and definitive reconstruction of the extensive defect, improving the functionality of the right upper extremity. The digital amputation preserved a maximum functional length, allowing a quick healing of the wounds, reducing costs and hospital stay. CONCLUSION. The paraescapular flap provided coverage for shoulder and axilla defects, which allowed recovery of all the angles of mobility of the affected limb, without retraction of the skin. The functional amputation of rays in the hand allowed conserving prehensile and motor strength, improving the quality of life.

Reconstrucción compleja con matriz de regeneración dérmica acelular en el paciente quemado / Complex reconstruction with acellular dermal regeneration matrix in the burned patient

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las quemaduras de gran extensión que han afectado a las extremidades produciendo efectos funcionales y de calidad de vida permanente, han sido el reto que enfrenta la cirugía reparadora. OBJETIVO. Demostrar la efectividad del uso de la matriz de regeneración dérmica acelular para lograr una cobertura cutánea definitiva y funcional en el tratamiento de las heridas profundas producidas por quemaduras. CASO CLINICO. Paciente masculino de 29 años de edad, que sufrió quemadura térmica con cemento de contacto y fuego, presentó una quemadura del 45% de superficie corporal total, se realizó el tratamiento con matriz dérmica acelular con enfoque en lesión de tercer grado en toda una extremidad superior. RESULTADOS. El paciente tras 6 meses de reconstrucción no presentó limitación funcional, cicatrices estéticamente aceptables. DISCUSIÓN. Los sustitutos dérmicos ayudaron en el tratamiento de defectos de cobertura cutánea. La matriz dérmica acelular y su uso en el paciente quemado, permitió brindar una cobertura cutánea precoz y permanente, con resultados óptimos, evitando generar heridas profundas en sitios donantes, lo que disminuyó la morbilidad en el paciente con quemaduras graves. CONCLUSIÓN. El uso de matriz dérmica acelular permitió la regeneración de nueva dermis y tejido en corto tiempo concediendo cobertura definitiva de las lesiones sin dejar secuelas funcionales y con cicatrices aceptables.

INTRODUCTION. Extensive burns that have affected the extremities producing functional defects and permanent quality of life, have been the challenge facing reconstructive surgery. OBJECTIVE. Demonstrate the effectiveness of the use of the dermal acellular regeneration matrix to achieve a definitive and functional skin coverage in the treatment of deep injuries caused by burns. CLINICAL CASE. A 29-year-old male patient, who suffered thermal burn with contact cement and fire, presented a burn of 45% of total body surface area, was treated with acellular dermal matrix with focus on third degree lesion in an entire upper extremity. RESULTS. The patient after 6 months of reconstruction didn´t present functional limitation, aesthetically acceptable scars. DISCUSSION. Dermal substitutes helped in the treatment of skin coverage defects. The acellular dermal matrix and its use in the burned patient, allowed to provide a precocious permanent skin coverage, with optimal results, avoiding generating deep wounds in donor sites, which decreased the morbidity in the patient with severe burns.

Tratamiento interdisciplinario en paciente con quemadura eléctrica de alto voltaje / Interdisciplinary treatment of a patient with high-voltage electrical burns

Las quemaduras eléctricas de alto voltaje constituyen una de las causas más graves de trauma, con una elevada tasa de mortalidad. En este artículo se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 31 años de edad que sufrió quemaduras eléctricas de alto voltaje al manipular red de suministro eléctrico en la vía pública. Presentó quemaduras tipo B en miembro superior derecho, cara, y cuero cabelludo. El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer la importancia del trabajo interdisciplinario en este tipo de pacientes cuya complejidad requiere trabajo coordinado en equipo para lograr optimizar la recuperación de las lesiones.

High-voltage electrical burns are one of the most serious causes of trauma, with a high mortality rate. This paper presents the case of a 32-year-old male patient who suffered high-voltage electrical burns when handling an electrical supply network in a public area. He had B-type burns in the right upper extremity, face and scalp. This paper aims at stating the importance of interdisciplinary work on this kind of patients whose complexity require a coordinated team work in order to optimize their recovery.

Reconstrucción del cuero cabelludo después de una quemadura eléctrica de alto voltaje / Scalp Reconstruction after High-Voltage Electric Burn

Las quemaduras en el cuero cabelludo son raras. Cuando se producen suelen estar causadas por alta tensión eléctrica. La reconstrucción de los defectos del cuero cabelludo por quemaduras eléctricas se hace difícil, en parte por la extensión del defecto y la falta de determinados recursos. Se realizó una técnica con mínimo de secuelas. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 35 años, el cual llega al Cuerpo de Guardia de Caumatología por lesiones por quemaduras eléctricas de alto voltaje. Recibió el tratamiento médico quirúrgico correspondiente, injertos de piel, amputación del tercio distal del pie derecho y el 4to y 5to dedos del pie izquierdo. Solo quedó por resolver el defecto de tejido a nivel de cuero cabelludo. Se realizó rotación de un colgajo con lo cual se logró cubrir casi la totalidad del defecto, completando una pequeña zona con homoinjerto de piel. Se logró un resultado estético adecuado para el paciente con un nivel de satisfacción alto(AU)

Scalp burns are rare. When they occur, they are usually caused by high electrical voltage. The scalp reconstruction for defects caused by electrical burns is difficult, partly because of the defect area and the lack of certain resources. A technique was performed, with minimal sequelae. A 35-year-old male patient is presented with injuries due to high-voltage electricity burns, at the emergency room for caumatology attention. He received the corresponding surgical medical treatment, skin grafts, amputation of the distal third of the right foot and the fourth and fifth fingers of the left foot. Thus pending to solve the tissue defect at the level of the scalp. A flap rotation was performed, based on which almost the entire defect was covered, completing a small area with skin homograft. An adequate aesthetic result was achieved for the patient and with a high level of satisfaction(AU)

Fisiopatología de las quemaduras eléctricas: artículo de revisión / Physiopathology of electrical burns

Las quemaduras eléctricas son consideradas uno de los traumas más drásticos al cual puede verse expuesto un individuo, que afecta directa o indirectamente a casi todos los sistemas del cuerpo humano. Este tipo de trauma tiene efectos locales y sistémicos poco comprendidos por la mayoría del personal de salud. El objetivo de éste artículo es ofrecer una explicación completa, que permita al lector entender mejor la fisiopatología de este tipo de trauma y por lo tanto se manifieste en el actuar diario del personal de salud.

Electric burns are one of the most drastic traumas to which an individual can be exposed, They can directly or indirectly compromise almost all the systems of the human body, this type of trauma has local and systemic effects little understood by the majority of health personnel. The objective of this article is to offer a complete explanation, allowing the reader to better understand the pathophysiology of this type of trauma and therefore manifest in the daily actions of health personnel.